Author: jappe

  • [Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS)] The Forefront of Space Science: Honeycomb-structured Weight-saving High Gain Planar Antennas Installed on Hayabusa 2

    TOP > Report & Column > The Forefront of Space Science > 2014 > Honeycomb-structured Weight-saving High Gain Planar Antennas Installed on Hayabusa 2

    The Forefront of Space Science

    Honeycomb-structured Weight-saving High Gain Planar Antennas Installed on Hayabusa 2

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    The asteroid explorer “Hayabusa 2” was launched on 3 December. This paper will introduce the high gain planar antennas lightened with the use of honeycomb structure which is hexagonal just like a honey comb. Additionally, we will also talk about the synthetic aperture radar system for small satellites which is currently under development with the same honeycomb structure.

    High Gain Planar Antennas Installed on Hayabusa 2

    Figure 1 shows the illustration of Hayabusa 2. The two disk-shaped objects installed on the upside of its body are the high gain planar antennas. One is the X-Band (8.4GHz) antenna which is also installed on the Venus Climate Orbiter “AKATSUKI” launched in May 2010. Another one is the Ka-band (32.0GHz) antenna. To make the gain of the antennas higher and increase transmission speed, the Ka-band which is of higher frequency and the X-Band which is adopted in many earth stations are used as a combination.

    Diameters of both antennas are around 90cm, but about 1kg of weight was saved with the use of honeycomb structure in waveguides for radio waves.

    Figure 1
    Figure 1. The asteroid explorer “Hayabusa 2”
    Of the two circular plate installed on the upper surface of the explorer body, the left is the Ka-band(32.0GHz) antenna and the right is the X-Band(8.4GHz) antenna.
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  • [Project Topics] Development progress for Enhanced Epsilon

    Topics List

    Aug. 6, 2015 Updated
    Development progress for Enhanced Epsilon

    The development of the Enhanced Epsilon Launch Vehicle has been going smoothly.
    The static firing test of the sub-sized upper-stage motor was completed before the end of March, 2015, as scheduled.
    On June 18, shocks and behavior due to the payload separation impact were checked through the pyro-shock test at the Sagamihara Campus.
    The Enhanced Epsilon has a better launch capacity compared to the first Epsilon launched in Sept. 2013. The goal is to launch the Exploration of energization and Radiation in Geospace “ERG” in JFY 2016.

    Development progress for Enhanced Epsilon

    Nov. 7, 2013 Updated
    Epsilon Launch Vehicle awarded Good Design Award Gold Award

    The first Epsilon Launch vehicle (Epsilon-1) developed and launched by JAXA in September 2013 received the JFY 2013 Good Design Award Gold Award sponsored by the Japan Institute of Design Promotion.
    Epsilon was listed as one of the 1,212 Good Design Award winners from 3,400 nominees, then selected for the best 100 products, and finally chosen for the Gold Award this time.

    Epsilon Launch Vehicle awarded Good Design Award Gold Award

    Sep. 14, 2013 Updated
    Launch Result of Epsilon-1 with SPRINT-A aboard

    JAXA launched the first Epsilon Launch Vehicle (Epsilon-1) with the Spectroscopic Planet Observatory for Recognition of Interaction of Atmosphere (SPRINT-A) onboard at 14:00 on September 14 (Sat.), 2013 (Japan Standard Time, JST) from the Uchinouora Space Center.
    The launch vehicle flew smoothly, and, at about 61 minutes and 39 seconds after liftoff, the separation of the SPRINT-A was confirmed.
    We would like to express our profound appreciation for the cooperation and support of all related personnel and organizations that helped contribute to the launch of the Epsilon-1.
    The satellite is currently in good health.
    The SPRINT-A’s nickname was also decided. It is “HISAKI”.

    Sep. 12, 2013 Updated
    Epsilon-1/SPRINT-A new launch date decided!

    JAXA would like to announce that we have set the launch date and time of the first Epsilon Launch Vehicle (Epsilon-1) with the Spectroscopic Planet Observatory for Recognition of Interaction of Atmosphere (SPRINT-A) onboard as follows.

    Scheduled launch day: September 14 (Saturday), 2013
    Scheduled launch time: 1:45:00 p.m.

    JAXA will broadcast a live launch report from the Uchinoura Space Center from 1:25 p.m. on the day. You can watch it through the Internet.
    Please send your support message for the launch on the special website, or tweet it including #Epsilon JAXA.

    Sep. 9, 2013 Updated
    New Launch Day Information for Epsilon-1 with SPRINT-A Onboard

    The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) decided to postpone the launch of the first Epsilon Launch Vehicle (Epsilon-1) with the Spectroscopic Planet Observatory for Recognition of Interaction of Atmosphere (SPRINT-A) onboard on August 27 from the Uchinoura Space Center. As a result of our cause investigation of the postponement and re-examination of the Epsilon-1, the new launch date will be September 14, 2013 (Japan Standard Time) or later.

    Aug. 28, 2013 Updated
    Updated Information about Epsilon-1 Launch Day

    The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency is now investigating the cause of an automatic stop alarm issued approximately 19 seconds prior to liftoff during the Epsilon-1 launch countdown operation on August 27, 2013. As we have decided to carefully examine the cause and prudently confirm the measures, it is very difficult for us to set the new launch date within August.
    We will inform you about the results of our investigation into the cause and the new launch date as soon as they are respectively clarified.
    Thank you for your patience.

    Aug. 27, 2013 Updated
    Launch Cancellation of Epsilon-1 with SPRINT-A Onboard

    The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) cancelled today’s launch of the first Epsilon Launch Vehicle (Epsilon-1) with the Spectroscopic Planet Observatory for Recognition of Interaction of Atmosphere (SPRINT-A) onboard from the Uchinoura Space Center, because an automatic stop alarm was issued as an attitude abnormality was detected approximately 19 seconds prior to the liftoff time during the automatic countdown sequence. The launch had been originally scheduled for 1:45:00 p.m. today (Japan Standard Time).
    JAXA is currently investigating the cause.

    Aug. 8, 2013 Updated
    Launch Postponement and Launch Time Change for Epsilon Launch Vehicle with SPRINT-A onboard

    The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) decided to postpone the launch of the first Epsilon Launch Vehicle (Epsilon-1) with the Spectroscopic Planet Observatory for Recognition of Interaction of Atmosphere (SPRINT-A) onboard to August 27, 2013,?from the Uchinoura Space Center as JAXA has taken extra time to rectify the incompatibility* found in the ground support equipment during the communication function test between the Epsilon-1 and the equipment in the course of launch campaign at the launch site. The launch was originally scheduled for August 22, 2013 from the center.

    Scheduled launch day: August 27 (Tue.) 2013
    Scheduled launch time window: 1:45 thru 2:30 p.m.

    Jun. 17, 2013 Updated
    Epsilon Support Message Campaign result!

    The Message Campaign for the first Epsilon launch vehicle scheduled to be launched on Aug. 22 was held in April and May, and the result of the campaign is now available on our website.
    You can check if your message was selected by your receipt number. Many people, more than expected, participated in the campaign. Thank you very much. Please also confirm where your message is loaded through the page.

    May 21, 2013 Updated
    Spectroscopic Planet Observatory for Recognition of Interaction of Atmosphere (SPRINT-A) launch by Epsilon-1

    The first Epsilon Launch Vehicle (Epsilon-1) with the Spectroscopic Planet Observatory for Recognition of Interaction of Atmosphere (SPRINT-A) onboard is determined to be launched on August 22 (Thursday, Japan Standard Time). The launch time is between 1:30 thru 2:30 p.m. (JST), and the launch site is the Uchinoura Space Center.
    Also, the design of the Epsilon 1 was decided! It expresses the tradition and future of the solid-fuel launch vehicle. We are now incorporating your messages in to the design. They were collected through the “Epsilon-1 support message campaign”, which ended on May 7. We received 5,812 messages in total. Thank you very much for your participation.

    Apr. 10, 2013 Updated
    Epsilon Message Campaign

    The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) will launch the first Epsilon Launch Vehicle (Epsilon-1) in the 2013 summer launch season from the Uchinoura Space Center in Kimotsuki, Kagoshima Prefecture, with the spectrographic planet observation satellite (SPRINT-A) onboard.
    JAXA would like to hold a message campaign to welcome your messages on your expectations, hopes, dreams or feelings toward our new launch vehicle, then post them on the vehicle as part of its design by processing them in strings of small letters. This is the first attempt in Japan to place messages on the launch vehicle design.
    Through this campaign we hope that you can deepen your understanding of our next generation solid-fuel launch vehicle Epsilon and feel closer to it, so that we can “make people feel more familiar with space, gaining more understanding of and support for space programs.” This is one of the goals of the Epsilon project. Please join our campaigns!

    Oct. 15, 2012 Updated
    Extension test of the second stage motor nozzle

    The extension test of the second stage motor nozzle of the Epsilon Launch Vehicle was held at the Sagamihara Campus in late September.
    This extension nozzle is a technology that was adopted for the kick motor of the M-3SII Rocket launched in 1989. The nozzle is extended by the force of a light-weighted spring shortened and installed inside the nozzle.
    The test this time checked the spring and extension mechanism of the nozzle for M-34c, the renovated type from the nozzle for the third stage motor M34b of the M-V Launch Vehicle. The nozzle was verified to work properly through the test.

    Jul. 18, 2012 Updated
    PBS pyro-shock test

    Loaded with a small liquid-fuel engine, the Post Boost Stage (PBS) will be additionally installed on the top of the third stage when higher orbit insertion accuracy is required. The pyro-shock test of the PBS was performed at the Sagamihara Campus in mid June.
    The PBS is expected to be used more in low-orbit missions, and it enables the launch vehicle to place a payload more precisely in its scheduled orbit.
    The test this time was to verify if the PBS was strong enough to bear with the separation shock from the launch vehicle. A tremendous shock occurs at the time of separation, thus the shock levels for each part were measured. We have confirmed that no problem was found in the PBS through the test.

    Apr. 17, 2012 Updated
    Epsilon: acoustic environment measurement test at mockup launch pad

    JAXA made a mockup launch pad on a scale of 1/42 in order to confirm the acoustic environment according to the launch pad configuration. The mockup was based on the design analysis performed mainly by the Epsilon Launch Vehicle Project Team. The acoustic environment measurement test at the mockup launch pad by a small-scale solid motor has been held three times since April 2011 at the Noshiro Rocket Testing Center.
    The noise at the time of launch affects not only life in the surrounding area, but also the payload of a launch vehicle including onboard devices of a satellite. Therefore, it is one of the decisive factors for launch. The larger the expected vibrations cause by the launch noise, the greater the margin is required for vibration proof design.
    By understanding the acoustic characteristics of launch at the designing stage of the launch site, and taking appropriate measures, we can improve the launch environment for higher reliability, reduce costs and make the site more user-friendly so that the Epsilon’s competitiveness is enhanced.
    Through the three test series including the one this time, we were able to acquire very useful data that satisfies our purposes as we found the launch pad configuration can mitigate its acoustic environment.

    Sep. 30, 2011 Updated
    Static firing test for the upper stage sub-size motor

    On September 30, JAXA performed the ground firing test of the sub-size motor (M-34SIM-3) for the Epsilon Launch Vehicle upper stage at the Noshiro Rocket Testing Center. The test mainly aims to verify the insulation material on the upper motor nozzle that is currently under development.
    Through this test, we are steadily progressing with the Epsilon development while confirming the insulation function of the upper motor nozzle part based on the test results and maintaining and inheriting the already acquired solid motor static firing test technology.

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  • Hubble Finds a Little Gem

    Hubble Finds a Little Gem

    This colorful bubble is a planetary nebula called NGC 6818, also known as the Little Gem Nebula. The rich glow of the cloud is just over half a light-year across — humongous compared to its tiny central star — but still a little gem on a cosmic scale.

  • [Project Topics] AKATSUKI: Orbit successfully controlled

    Aug. 5, 2015 Updated

    AKATSUKI: Orbit successfully controlled

    AKATSUKI: Orbit successfully controlled

    JAXA performed an orbit control maneuver for the Venus Climate Orbiter “AKATSUKI” in late July in preparation for its re-injection into the Venus orbit scheduled for Dec. 7, 2015. According to the analysis of telemetry data acquired up to Aug. 2, the orbit control and correction was successfully conducted as scheduled by 5:30 p.m. on August 4. (All dates and time are Japan Standard Time.) …

    About Venus Climate Orbiter “AKATSUKI” (PLANET-C)

    (Courtesy of Akihiro Ikeshita)

    AKASTUKI will elucidate the mysteries of Venus, Earth’s twin sister.
    Japan will initiate the beginning of a new era of Venusian exploration.

    AKATSUKI (PLANET-C) is the next planetary exploration project for the Martian orbiter NOZOMI. Venus has long been referred to as Earth’s sister planet not only because its size and distance from the sun are similar to those of the Earth, but also because its birth formation is considered to be similar to that of the Earth at the genesis period of the solar system. However, Venus is actually very different from the Earth as it is veiled in high-temperature carbon dioxide and thick sulfuric-acid clouds. Also, above the surface of Venus, violent winds which reach some 400 kilometers per hour blow over. Clarification of the causes for such an environment will provide us with clues to understand why the Earth has become a peaceful and lively planet unlike Venus as well as to help understand climate change on Earth. Therefore, Venus is a very important subject for exploration to learn about the Earth’s environment.

    Launch date: May 21, 2010

    Re-entry plan to Venus orbit

    The AKATSUKI is expected to usher in a new era of Venusian exploration. It was launched aboard an H-IIA Launch Vehicle No. 17 in May 2010 (JST.) It smoothly flew and spurted out jets from its orbit control engine on Dec. 7, 2010. Unfortunately, the AKATSUKI failed to inject itself into the orbit of Venus. JAXA set up an investigation team not only to examine and study the causes of the failure and countermeasures, but also to see if it is possible to insert the AKATSUKI again into the orbit when it comes closer to Venus in about six years.

    Characteristics of Venus Climate Orbiter “AKATSUK” (PLANET-C)

    Infrared light enables more detailed investigation of Venus.

    The probe vehicle of AKATSUKI will enter an elliptical orbit, 300 to 80,000 km away from Venus’s surface. This wide variation in distance will enable comprehensive observations of the planet’s meteorological phenomena and of its surface, as well as observations of the atmospheric particles escaping from Venus into space. It will also be possible to take close-up photos of Venus, and to observe the storm winds that blow on the Venusian surface, at speeds that reach 100 m a second – 60 times the speed at which Venus rotates. This phenomenon remains the biggest mystery of Venus, as it cannot be explained meteorologically. AKATSUKI will employ infrared light to observe and elucidate the mysteries surrounding the atmosphere under the clouds and the conditions on the planet’s surface. In addition, it will confirm the presence of active volcanoes and thunder.

    Major Characteristics

    International Designation Code 2010-020D
    Launch Date 6:58, May 21, 2010 (JST)
    Launch Vehicle H-IIA Launch Vehicle No.17
    Location Tanegashima Space Center
    Shape Box shape with two wing-type solar array paddles
    Weight Mass at liftoff: about 500 kg
    Orbiter Venus elliptical orbit
    Altitude PeriVenus: 300 km
    ApoVenus: about 80,000 km
    Orbital Inclination Approx. 172 degrees
    Orbital Period Approx. 30 hours

    Mission talk by team leaders

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  • Stormy Seas in Sagittarius

    Stormy Seas in Sagittarius

    This new NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope image shows the center of the Lagoon Nebula, an object with a deceptively tranquil name, in the constellation of Sagittarius. The region is filled with intense winds from hot stars, churning funnels of gas, and energetic star formation, all embedded within an intricate haze of gas and pitch-dark dust.

  • Celebrating a year at the comet

    ESA’s Rosetta mission today celebrates one year at Comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, with its closest approach to the Sun now just one week away.

  • [Aeronautical Technology Directorate] [DREAMS] JAXA has conducted a usability survey of the "ALWIN" at Tokyo International Airport

    June 30, 2015

    JAXA has conducted a usability survey of the “ALWIN” at Tokyo International Airport

    JAXA has conducted a usability survey of the “Airport Low-level Wind INformation” (ALWIN) for airline’s flight crews and dispatchers in cooperation with Japan Airlines (JAL) at Tokyo International Airport (Haneda Airport) on March 2015.
    ALWIN provides strategic aircraft operational information on low-level wind which includes turbulence and windshear in the vicinity of the airport using an airport Doppler lidar. The wind information generation logic and display prototype of ALWIN has been jointly developed by JMA (the Japan Meteorological Agency) and JAXA.
    Flight crews are able to obtain ALWIN at any time on request by using an automatic ACARS (Aircraft Communications Addressing and Reporting System) *1 text uplink by using the ACARS text conversion function of ALWIN and data link server. On the other hand, dispatchers/airport-based operations officer are able to acquire graphical displays of ALWIN by internet web page.
    The airline usability survey results will reflect design specifications of ALWIN when integrating ALWIN to MetAir (JMA’s aviation weather information web page) in the future.

    Flight crew’s usability survey of ALWIN:


    The photograph on the left shows JAL’s Office of Haneda Airport.
    In the office, flight crews confirm weather conditions required for aircraft operational planning.
    To survey how flight crews use ALWIN in actual aircraft operation, a JAXA research engineer joined JAL’s flight crews during regularly scheduled flight from a preflight briefing to debriefing.

    Flight crews are able to check wind conditions on the flight by ALWIN web screen in preparation of take-off from Haneda airport. When there is severity information related to windshears or strong gusts exist on the flight path, the altitude band of the significant wind change is highlighted in amber color in headwind and crosswind graph of the ALWIN screen to enable intuitive understanding of the alert information. The ALWIN also can be utilized to briefing before takeoff.

    In this flight crew’s usability survey, a JAXA research engineer carried out cockpit observation from on the jump seat of the Boeing 777 in domestic flights: Haneda-Chitose, Chitose-Haneda.

    During cockpit preparation before takeoff, the copilot clicks the function key for ACARS uplinks relating to ALWIN on the MFD (Multi-Function Display) by mouse to confirm wind condition of ALWIN.

    Cruise phase from Chitose to Haneda:
    Before the descent, the flight crew requests ALWIN-ACARS uplink to confirm wind conditions at Haneda Airport. Generally speaking, aircraft control for the approach / landing phase is said to be the most difficult for a pilot out of all aircraft controls. Especially when there is rapidly changing and low-level turbulence on a landing path, difficulty of aircraft control for landing increases. Such wind conditions occurring at low altitudes during takeoff or landing can lead to the risk of serious accidents. The frequent occurrence of the low-altitude turbulence known as a “hangar wave” *2 at Haneda Airport led to request for implementation of ALWIN at the airport.

    Close-up view of ALWIN:
    ACARS is not capable of sending graphical information to the cockpit, but is capable of sending the text messages. During the high workload approach flight phase, the flight crew’s intuitive understanding is highly important because a rapid but accurate situation assessment of wind disturbances is required. Considering this situation, JAXA has designed an ACARS message containing a spatial graph rendered as test as shown in the upper picture. The spatial graph shows headwind profile on the landing path below 500 ft in the ACARS message texts. Moreover, the message texts contain the headwind component, wind direction / speed and crosswind component per altitude.

    ALWIN printout:
    Although the flight crew is required to scroll the screen to see both headwind profile and crosswind profile on the MFD, the ALWIN printout enables flight crews to confirm headwind profile (upper) and crosswind profile (lower graph) on one page of paper. Essential wind information for approach/landing planning was selected due to layout limitation, because the number of characters which can be sent using ACARS is limited.

    The PM (Pilot Monitoring) explains wind situations by the ALWIN ACARS text message. Based on this information, the PF (Pilot Flying) makes approach/landing planning.
    The approach briefing by using ALWIN provides flight crews with common situational awareness relating to approach/landing planning which takes into accounts wind conditions.

    We are approaching to the Runway 23 (runway bearing of 230 degrees) at Haneda Airport for arrival.


    After landing, the JAXA research engineer conducted an interview with flight crews regarding the usability of ALWIN. Flight crews commented that ALWIN was helpful because it gave flight crews an intuitive understanding of no significant wind change below 500ft and common situational awareness during approach briefing.
    After returning to the Office, flight crews wrote questionnaire sheets prepared by JAXA. Although little severe wind conditions had been experienced on the today’s flights, flight crews indicated on the questionnaire that the ALWIN ACARS text message was useful. The reason for usefulness was stated as follows: “We could confirm in advance that no significant difference existed between wind conditions during the final approach and those on the ground.”

    We could obtain feedback from only a few flight crews by interviews. However, by using the survey in questionnaire format in writing, we will collect a large number of opinions on the usability of ALWIN from many flight crews. Therefore, the airline usability survey results will reflect future improvement of ALWIN design specifications for ALWIN implementation in cooperation with JMA.

    *Special permission was acquired for cockpit photography.

    Airline dispatcher’s usability survey of ALWIN:

    The JAL’s domestic and international flights are centrally controlled by the JAL Operation Control Center (JAL OCC) at Haneda Airport. JAXA research engineer observed how airline dispatchers use ALWIN at the JAL OCC.


    The desks of airline dispatchers are divided into international flights and domestic flights. ALWIN is one of the screens shown in the photograph on the left.

    The photo shows an example of past data display of ALWIN.
    For emphasizing the past data, the word “Past” is shown in large font at the top of the screen. This past data is from around 20:35 on March 1, 2015. The data shows a significant change in wind conditions at Haneda Airport (RJTT). The past data display is one of the favorable functions for airline’s users, because the users are able to utilize past data for flight critique or past wind conditions analysis.

    ALWIN can also present historical information for the previous several hours. The provision of history information is aimed to help to understand daily tendency of wind direction and speed, windshear and to accumulate knowledge for periodical wind situations.

    The JAXA research engineer conducted an interview with JAL’s dispatcher regarding the usability of ALWIN.
    Dispatchers commented that they use ALWIN to confirm current wind conditions and the altitude band of the significant wind change.

    At JAL, automatic ACARS uplink of ALWIN is possible at any time on the flight crew’s request. Therefore, there are almost no cases in which airline dispatchers check ALWIN and then advise to the cockpit by ACARS manual uplink or by radio communications. However, dispatchers indicated that ALWIN would be useful for understanding of wind conditions regardless of whether or not a go-around is anticipated.

    ※1: ACARS (Automatic Communications Addressing and Reporting System)
    A digital datalink system between aircraft and ground stations. Via the ARINC communication network, required flight information is automatically sent from aircraft to ground stations or from ground stations to aircraft.
    ※2: Hangar wave
    Refers to turbulence thought to occur when strong northeasterly or easterly winds pass over hangers located in the newly developed area on the southern side of Haneda Airport. The hangar wave affects aircraft taking off and landing at Runway A (34L) on the western side of the hangars.

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  • First MSG-4 image


    Europe’s latest weather satellite images Earth today

  • Tracking downunder


    Human spaceflight and operations image of the week: ESA’s New Norcia deep-space tracking station illuminated against the Australian night sky

  • [Aeronautical Technology Directorate] [SafeAvio] Simulation for effect on passenger cabin when encountering turbulence

    July 13, 2015

    Simulation for effect on passenger cabin when encountering turbulence

    To determine turbulence effects on the passenger cabin, JAXA conducted simulations for the following two cases. Motion of aircraft, a cabin crew and service carts were simulated for both cases.

    The left-hand side of the video below simulates a case of severe turbulence when an aircraft experienced sudden change in altitude (maximum -0.7 G of vertical acceleration).

    The right-hand side, meanwhile, simulates a case where such vertical acceleration of aircraft is reduced by half with the gust alleviation technologies which we are developing under the SafeAvio initiative. The result shows that cutting turbulence shaking in half eliminates almost all risks of injury in the passenger cabin.

    This simulation data will be used in further research on gust alleviation technology, and for reviewing the operating procedures of cabin crews.

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  • Blue Moon Over Washington

    Blue Moon Over Washington

    A second full moon for the month of July is seen next to the dome of the U.S. Capitol on Friday, July 31, 2015 in Washington.

  • Register to visit ESTEC


    Registration open for ESTEC Open Day on Sunday 4 October: your chance to visit ESA’s technical heart

  • NASA Awards Aerospace Propulsion, Communications Research Contracts

    NASA has awarded contracts to 13 companies to provide advanced propulsion and communications system technologies as part of ongoing long-term aerospace research activities at the agency’s Glenn Research Center in Cleveland.